ISSN 0854-526X: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan, Vol. XVI (1), 2008

Pelindung: Deputi Bidang Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial dan Kemanusiaan-LIPI. Penanggung Jawab: Drs. Mahmud Thoha, M.A., APU. Mitra Bestari: Prof. Dr. Carunia Mulya Firdausy, M.A., Dr. Thee Kian Wie, Dr. Mustafa Edwin Nasution. Pemimpin Redaksi: Dr. Wijaya Adi. Dewan Redaksi: Prof. Drs. Sukarna Wiranta, M.A., Prof. Dra. Jusmaliani, M.E., Prof. Drs. Hari Susanto, M.A., Dr. Syarif Hidayat. Sekretaris: Rokhadi. Copyeditor: Dra. Sarwintyas Prahastuti, M.Hum., Nanik Supriyanti, S.S. Distributor: Susilo Hariyanti, S.Sos., Sunardi. Layout Naskah: Rokhadi, Mutiara Sinaga, M.Si., Prapti Sasiwi, S.Kom.

Alamat Redaksi: Pusat Penelitian Ekonomi - LIPI, Gedung Widya Graha LIPI, Lantai IV & V, Jl. Jenderal Gatot Subroto No. 10, Jakarta 12190 - Indonesia. Website: www.ekonomi.lipi.go.id, Email: ekonomi@lipi.go.id; peplipi@indosat.net.id. Telp: 021-5207120, 5251542 Ext. 635. Faks: 021-5262139.

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Daftar Isi

ENERGY SECTOR IN INDONESIA AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS: From Fossil to Biofuel.
Maxensius Tri Sambodo

Abstrak
Ketergantungan energi nasional atas bahan bakar fosil akan tetap tinggi di masa depan. Penurunan produksi minyak dan kenaikan harga minyak dunia, telah memaksa pemerintah untuk melakukan diversifikasi sumber energi primer yang lebih progresif, khususnya dengan memperbesar peranan batu bara dan gas bumi. Tetap tingginya peranan energi fosil akan berdampak negatif terhadap kualitas lingkungan hidup di tengah rendahnya pengawasan sisi emisi gas buangan. Bahkan pertumbuhan emisi rumah kaca dari sektor energi menunjukkan pertumbuhan terbesar. Pada sisi lain pemerintah juga telah mendorong pemanfaatan energi baru dan terbarukan seperti biofuel. Meskipun biofuel menjadi sumber energi alternatif pengganti minyak, namun masih terdapat kemungkinan pengembangan sumber energi ini juga memiliki risiko yang besar khususnya dari sisi lingkungan hidup dan bagian tersulit yaitu pengaruhnya terhadap kemungkinan terjadinya kenaikan harga pangan. Pengembangan energi biofuel sebaiknya memberikan pengaruh minimal terhadap ketahanan pangan. Hal ini dapat terjadi jika biofuel dikembangkan bukan dari tanaman pangan dan di atas lahan kritis. Peranan teknologi sangatlah besar untuk mengatasi hal tersebut. Guna menjamin proses transisi energi yang lebih baik atau tanpa menimbulkan gejolak di masyarakat maka pemerintah juga perlu meningkatkan kualitas kelembagaan bagi pengembangan energi baru dan terbarukan.

Kata Kunci: sumber energi alternatif, biofuel.

ANALISIS MANAJEMEN STARTEGI INDUSTRI ENERGI ALTERNATIF: Studi Kasus Biofuel.
Inne Dwiastuti

Abstract
This paper describes the map of biofuel industry by using SWOT analysis and TOWS Matrix. This paper is a descriptive analysis based on secondary data. It can be concluded that in IFE matrix, biofuel industry has total weighted score of 3,1 and in EFE matrix, the total weighted score of 2.85. Moreover, in IE matrix biofuel industry lies on quadrant IV, with the IFE matrix total weighted score of 3,1 (strong) and with the EFE matrix total weighted score of 2,85 (medium). The implication of this finding is that this industry has to apply grow and build strategy, such as intensive strategy with market penetration and product development. In addition, this industry can apply the strategy based on strategy from TOWS matrix, in order to improve the biofuel industry development program. The fact that biofuel industry is an infant industry relates to the need of a tight supervision from the government such as giving more incentives to the biofuel producers and subsidy switching from fossil fuel to biofuel.

Keywords: biofuel, development, strategic management.

KEBIJAKAN PENGEMBANGAN BAHAN BAKAR NABATI (BIOETANOL)
Sjahrul Bustaman

Abstract
The development of the bio ethanol as alternative energy is urgently needed as to help reducing the public burden due to the increasing of oil price and oil import problem. This idea is supported by the availability of the various potatoes, coconut, sago, and maize. Right now, the area of sago plant in Maluku is 31360 ha with the degree of the utilization for human food is still low. While the processing technology of bio ethanol and market captivating are available. The strategy of bio ethanol production can be adjusted to various pattern on target group and its importance. The regional authority should be convinced about the necessity of supporting bio ethanol production in order to increasing of community income and absorbing of labor.

Keywords: Bioetanol, Sagu, Maluku.

DAMPAK PENGEMBANGAN BIOFUEL TERHADAP KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP DAN PENINGKATAN PEREKONOMIAN PETANI
Sanusi

Abstrak
Data Departemen Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (DESDM) menunjukkan bahwa cadangan minyak bumi Indonesia hanya cukup untuk 17 tahun mendatang, sementara cadangan gas bumi masih mencukupi untuk 60 tahun mendatang dan cadangan batu bara baru habis dalam waktu 146 tahun lagi. Habisnya cadangan minyak bumi tak berarti akan menghentikan kebutuhan terhadap energi bahan bakar. Karena itu, tidak sedikit upaya yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah dan berbagai kalangan untuk mencari sumber energi alternatif lain. Banyak sumber-sumber energi lain yang mulai dikembangkan salah satunya adalah biofuel. Biofuel adalah bahan bakar yang berasal dari bahan nabati. Di sisi lain, banyaknya hasil riset dan penelitian menunjukkan ekses negatif emisi gas buang dari pembakaran minyak bumi terhadap atmosfer, lingkungan hidup dan manusia; juga mendorong upaya penggunaan bahan bakar yang lebih ramah lingkungan. Pengembangan biofuel tidak lepas dari isu lingkungan hidup karena beberapa catatan para pemerhati lingkungan ternyata biofuel pun bisa berdampak negatif. Untuk itu berbagai usaha untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energi ini harus memperhatikan berbagai aspek nonekonomi. Di samping aspek lingkungan, budi daya dan pengelolaan industri biofuel tidak bisa melupakan aspek sosial. Justru dengan banyaknya teknologi penghasil energi alternatif ini diharapkan akan melahirkan banyak manfaat bagi manusia dan kemanusiaan.

Kata Kunci: biofuel, kerusakan lingkungan, kemiskinan, penataan, sosialisasi.

STUDI KEMAMPUAN DAERAH DALAM MEMBERIKAN SUBSIDI LISTRIK
Makmun

Abstract
In order to lessen central government’s burden on electricity subsidy, one solution is to make regional government shares part of the burden. This is in line with current condition where regional government has higher authority in exploiting its region’s potential. Indeed, regional autonomy policy should make regional government able to solve regional problem including electricity problem. To make partnership between central and regional government in solving electricity problem a reality, there is a need to first assess regional government’s fiscal capacity, which class of customer to be subsidized and subsidy share scheme between central, provincial and municipal government.


PROBLEMA PENGANGGURAN DAN KEMISKINAN DI TENGAH GEJOLAK HARGA BBM: Telaah Kritis Kebijakan dan Solusi Alternatif.
Tim Jumpa Pers - Pusat Penelitian Ekonomi

Abstract
This article aims to analyze the impact of rearing oil price on proverty and unemployment in Indonesia. On 24 May 2008, Indonesian government increased administered oil price by 28.7% and there were four reasons for this. First, rapid increase on oil subsidies has expanded government budget deficit. This led to fiscal instability. Second, government needs to enhance equality principle because most of oil subsidies go to the rich. Third, huge disparity between subsidized price and non subsidy led to illegal trading. Fourth, oil subsidies have created inefficiency in oil used. Generally speaking, the shock of world oil price has positive impact on GDP through an increase in export, but there are some risks in terms of rasing inflation, interest rate and depreciation of Rupiah. Next, an increase in oil price magnifies the number of poverty and unemployment. Further, the economic benefits form cutting subsides are lower than the costs at least in the very short term. At the same time there are also social costs that need to be considered by government. Although government has some programs for minimizing the impact of oil price, there are some weaknesses that can undermine the benefits of the programs. Finally, the authors suggest that uncertainty in world oil price need to be responsed by flexible domestic oil price. Energy policy needs to be set comprehensively and it consists of price policy, level of consumption and production, and development of new and renewable energy. Last but not least, Indonesia needs to enhance simple and effective social security system for the poor.

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