Daftar Isi
CHALLENGES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDONESIA:
TRENDS, ISSUES AND POLICIES
Laila Nagib and Ngadi
Abstrak
Merosotnya kondisi ekonomi Indonesia selama krisis tahun 1997-1998, berpengaruh luas terhadap kualitas hidup masyarakat, akibat pengangguran massal, merosotnya kesempatan kerja formal dan menurunnya daya beli masyarakat. Indonesia, sebagai negara surplus tenaga kerja, masih terus menghadapi masalah pengangguran, akibat terbatasnya lapangan kerja produktif dibandingkan masuknya angkatan kerja baru di pasar kerja. makalah yang menggunakan data sekunder ini khususnya data Sakernas 1996-2004 dari BPS, bertujuan untuk menjelaskan isu-isu dan tantangan pengangguran di Indonesia, yang menekankan pada ilustrasi tingkat pengangguran (terbuka dan terselubung), beberapa isu terkait pengangguran dan bagaimana mengembangkan kebijakan untuk mengatasi pengangguran. Tingkat pengangguran terbuka terus meningkat, hingga mencapai 10% pada tahun 2004, sejalan dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang hanya mencapai 4—5% . Pengangguran terbuka lebih menonjol pada kelompok perempuan, terdidik, dan di daerah perkotaan serta isu terkait lain pada kelompok rentan seperti perempuan, pemuda dan pekerja migran. Pengangguran terselubung merupakan isu lebih serius, karena mengindikasikan kurang dimanfaatakannya potensi penduduk, dan faktor utama penyebab pekerja miskin. Hampir separuh pekerja terlibat dalam pekerjaan yang kurang produktif/sektor informal, dilihat dari lamanya jam kerja maupun rendahnya penghasilan. Indonesia menghadapi tantangan besar dalam upaya mengurangi tingkat pengangguran maupun kemiskinan. Kebijakan sebelumnya yang menekankan pada pertumbuhan ekonomi tinggi tidaklah cukup, tanpa diimbangi dengan penciptaan iklim yang kondusif melalui kebijakan, peraturan dan kelembagaan yang baik. Kebijakan ketenagakerjaan perlu difokuskan pada penciptaan pekerjaan yang lebih produktif, disertai perlindungan yang lebih memprioritaskan pada kelompok-kelompok penduduk rentan.
Kata kunci: pengangguran, pengangguran terselubung, kelompok rentan, kebijakan ketenagakerjaan.
PENANAMAN MODAL ASING DAN PENYERAPAN
TENAGA KERJA DI SEKTOR INDUSTRI
Vanda Ningrum
Abstract
Investment is important factor related to creating job opportunities. This study analyses the trend of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and it’s role to absorbed labour force. Explanatory method used in order to explain the characteristics of the industry and the panel regression to calculate the elasticity of labor absorption to FDI. The data is collected from the Indonesian Investment Coordinating Board (BKPM) in period of 2002 to 2007. The data shows the several findings. First, the chemical and pharmaceutical industry gets the highest value of the total FDI, which is 26.88 percent of total FDI, but gives a small contribution to the labor absorption. Second, the textile industry is the most labour absorbing even though it has lower value of total FDI. Third, the leather and textile industry are the most efficient industries. The Last, the pool least square regression shows that U.S. $ 370 investment is required to absorb one labor.
Keyword: Foreign direct investment (FDI), labor absorption, industry.
AKSES PENDIDIKAN DASAR:
Kajian dari Segi Transisi SD ke SMP
Djoko Hartono
Abstract
In Indonesia, despite the high rate of primary school enrolment that close to achieving the Universal Primary Education benchmarked at 100% in 2015, the enrolment at lower secondary education remains low. This is particularly the c E.mail: ase for the poor. Efforts to increase the transition from primary to junior secondary schooling is therefore important in order to increase the relatively low enrolment at basic education. Access to basic education service, primarily to school infrastructure is the main prerequisite in order to enable parents sending their kids to school. However, the availability of school building perse does not always guarantee parents will enrol their children to school. Findings from literature reviews suggest that apart from school building, there are other factors that predispose parents to take a decision whether or not to invest their household resources to education. These factors include direct and indirect costs of schooling, cultural and geographic distance to school, perceived benefits to schooling, et cetera. This paper will examines some major factors that relate to the decision making to enroll children to school through a descriptive analysis based on secondary data originated from BPS and Ministry of National Education, and blended with literature reviews. It is hoped that results of the analysis will be a valuable input in efforts to enhance the achievement of Nine Year Compulsory Basic Education Program that will come to an end in the 2008/09 school year.
Keyword: Basic education, access to schooling, transition rate, compulsory education.
PERKEMBANGAN HIV DAN AIDS DI INDONESIA:
Tinjauan Sosio Demografis
Sri Sunarti Purwaningsih dan Widayatun
Abstract
HIV-AIDS epidemic in Indonesia grows fastly and spread out to all over provinces in Indonesia, especially among some high risk populations such as commercial sex workers and injecting drug users (IDUs). In 2001 the accumulative HIV-AIDS cases in Indonesia was 2575, then increased to 6789 in Maret 2005 and reached the number of 18963 in June 2008. The number is assumed to be much higher that the official reported cases as the existence of iceberg phenomenon. This paper aimed at presenting the spread of HIV-AIDS cases in Indonesia from socio-demographic point of views. The data used for this paper was mainly taken from the result of literature review as well as our research conducted in Surabaya and Bali in 1999 and from our recent study conducted in Batam and Sanggau in 2006 and 2007. Data collection was done by the use of indepth interviews, focus group discussion and field observation. The study shows that HIV-AIDS cases have steady increased among particular groups, such as women and those in the age group of 15–39 years. The highest number of AIDS cases was found among people at the 15–19 years age group. The increased cases were mainly due to the high-risk behaviour that exposed to the spread of HIV-AIDS such as the use of unsafe injecting drug and sexual practices. This study recommends that HIV-AIDS problem has to be overcome immediately and pay special attention to the most affected age groups for targeting as well as introducing type of interventions.
Keyword: spread of HIV-AIDS cases, socio demograhic factors, risk behaviour
KONSUMSI SAYUR DAN BUAH DI MASYARAKAT DALAM KONTEKS PEMENUHAN GIZI SEIMBANG
Aswatini, Mita Noveria dan Fitranita
Abstract
Vegetables and fruit consumption of Indonesian population increased from 70 kcal/capita/day in 1999 to 95 kcal/capita/day in 2007. That covered only about 58% in 1999, and 79% in 2007, of 120 kcal/capita/day minimum daily requirement. Therefore some efforts are needed to increase people’s vegetables and fruits consumption, according to Desirable Dietary Pattern. This paper aims to explain the pattern and behaviour of vegetable and fruit consumption in Indonesia and to explore understanding on knowledge and attitudes underlying that pattern and behaviour. The effort needed to increase the vegetables and fruit consumption includes not only infrastructures development to increase availability of vegetables and fruit, but also some efforts to increase people knowledge and awareness on the importance of vegetables and fruit consumption, by conducting intensive socialization and promotion. Analysis in this paper is based on secondary macro data from National Social Economic Survey (Susenas) and also primary (micro) data collected during a series of case studies conducted in Lampung and East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) provinces, in 2003 to 2006 and further in depth study in 2008.
Keyword:Vegetable, fruit, consumption, balanced dietary intake, knowledge and practice.