ISSN 1441-7923: WIDYARISET Vol. 9, No. 3, 2006
Penasehat: Rochadi Abdulhadi. Penanggung Jawab: M. Bashori Imron.
Pemimpin Redaksi: Betty Riyadini. Redaksi Pelaksana: Iroh Siti Zahroh, Rahmat Ali Sudjono, Sarwintyas Prahastuti. Redaksi Tetap: Elizabeth Anita Widjaja, Masno Ginting, Rusdi Muchtar. Redaksi Tidak Tetap: M. Ahkam Subroto, Bambang Sunarko, Gono Semiadi, Wahyu Suprihantoro, Suprapedi, Tri Muji Ermayanti, Agusto W.M. Sekretariat: Dodi Rosadi, Siti Kania Kushadiani, Nanik Supriyanti, Junaedi Mulawardana.
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Daftar Isi
RESPONS FISIOLOGI TIGA JENIS KAMBING
DI MUSIM KEMARAU PADA DATARAN RENDAH
Fitra Aji Pamungkas
Abstract
An experiment to know are physiological responses of Boer goat, Kacang and Boerka in low altitude had been conducted in Research Institute for Goat Production Sei Putih, North Sumatera. The research used Boer goat, Kacang and crossbreed (Boerka), consisting of 5 heads each and each breed were put together in one pen. Parameter the measured is temperature of rectal, respiration frequency and hearts beat (06.30-08.00 a.m.) and noon (13.00-14.30 p.m.) every week until 4 weeks. Weather data that is air temperature and dampness of pen at the time of daytime and morning measured use thermometer and hygrometer. Data analysed by using analysis of variance and if there are difference continued with doubled regional test of Duncan. The result of the experiment had indicated that the higher the air temperature the higher the rectal temperature, respiration rate and hearts beat. The rectal temperature between Boer, Kacang and Boerka goats at the morning do not show differences (p>0,05) that is successively 38,54±0,62;38,57±0,88;38,48±0,78°C. So also for frequency of respiration between Boer, Kacang and Boerka goats at the morning successively 21,55± 4,90; 20,30± 5,70; 21,65± 3,95 times/minute. While in the case of hearts beat, Boerka goat at compared to lower daytime and morning of Kacang and Boer goat. This matter indicated that Boer goat and crossbreed had enough tolerance at condition low altitude.
Keywords: Boer, Kacang, Boerka, Rectal temperature, Respiration rate, Heart beat
EVALUASI KETAHANAN AKSESI-AKSESI KENAF (Hibiscus cannabinus l.) TERHADAP kEKERINGAN DENGAN PEG
Sri Rustini
Abstract
Kenaf plant (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is basic material for industry, and potential for many purpose. The aims of the experiment were to find out the genetic information of germplasm of kenaf to drought environment. The experiment was conducted at greenhouse and plant breeding laboratory of Indonesia Tobacco and Fibre Crops Research Institute (IToFCRI) Malang, from September to December 2005. 128 accession of kenaf were planted in seedling box with sand medium for 15 days, then treated with PEG (Poly Ethylen Glycol) solution from low to high potential (from -5 to -10 bars) gradually with 1 h interval time. The experiment used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replicates of 10 plants at each replicate. The end of treatment the parameter observed were wilting score at each water potential, roots length, hypocotyls length, weight dry roots, and weight dry hypocotyls. The results showed that no kenaf accession with resistance to drought, only 10 accessions moderated resistance to drought, had resistance like control accessions, and had root length the same or more than control accessions. The accessions number were 475, 838, 842, 1033, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1058, and 1069 respectively.
Keywords: Evaluation, Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), Drought, PEG
PERAN GLUKOSA DAN POLIMERNYA TERHADAP PENYEDIAAN FOSFOR OLEH Aspergillus niger YANG DISERTAKAN DALAM PUPUK BIO-FOSFAT DI ULTISOLS
Yudi Sastro, Ririani Safrida & Donny Widianto
Abstract
This research aimed to know the effect of glucose, cane molasses, and tapioca starch on supplying of P2O5 by Aspergillus niger from bio-phosphate fertilizer in Ultisols of Jasinga, Banten. Incubation of bio-phosphate and carbon source (glucose, cane molasses, and tapioca starch) was conducted in plastic pot containing 200 g of soils and incubated using close incubation system. The treatments i.e. glucose 0, 25, 50, and 75 mg.pot-1; cane molasses 0, 25, 50, and 75 µl.pot-1; and tapioca starch 0, 25, 50, and 75 mg.pot-1 were arranged using Complete Randomized Design. Level of P2O5 was determined at 7, 21, 35, and 49 days after incubation using Bray I method. The results showed that glucose and its polymer influenced supplying of P2O5 by A. niger from bio-phosphate fertilizer in Ultisols. Glucose (50 mg.pot-1), cane molasses (50 ml.pot-1), and tapioca starch (50 mg.pot-1) were the best carbon source level that support supplying of P2O5 by A. niger from bio-phosphate in Ultisols.
Keywords: Ultisols, Bio-phosphate, Glucose, Phosphorus, Aspergillus niger
PENCARIAN NEMATODA PATOGENIK SERANGGA (Steinernema dan Heterorhabditis) YANG EFEKTIF UNTUK PENGENDALIAN HAMA LANAS (Cylas formicarius) UBI JALAR
Chaerani & Waluyo
Abstract
Sweetpotato weevil (Cylas formicarius) causes substantial loss of sweet potato tuber. The pest is inaccessible to conventional insecticides because it spends almost the whole life cycle in tuber. Meanwhile, other effective methods of control are not yet available. Entomopathogenic nematodes from the genus Steinernema and Heterorhabditis are promising biological control agents for the weevil as they are capable of seeking insect hosts in soil and cryptic habitat. Indigenous and introduced species or isolates of the nematodes were tested for their effectiveness against sweetpotato weevil in laboratory and greenhouse experiments. Twelve out of 14 nematodes were virulent as shown by their low larval LD50s (<10 infective juveniles per larva) in Petri dish assay. Heterorhabditis spp. were more virulent, had higher reproduction rate and caused higher within-tuber mortality rate in laboratory tests than Steinernema spp. Further tests of the heterorhabditid in greenhouse have shown that H. indicus INA H4 was the most promising nematode for biological control of sweetpotato weevil. Strategies to enhance the effectiveness of the isolate include improvement of application method and genetic characters.
Keywords: Entomopathogenic nematodes, Sweetpotato weevil, Biological control, Steinernema, Heterorhabditis
PRODUKSI SENYAWA ALELOKIMIA DAN PEMBENTUKAN BINTIL AKAR KACANG HIJAU PADA BERBAGAI PENGELOLAAN JERAMI PADI
A.Wahid Rauf
Abstract
The research of the allelochemicals production and mungbean nodul establishment on various rice straw management was conducted in Experimental Field of Agricultural Training, Research and Development of Gadjah Mada University Yogyakarta, from January – August 2004. The objective of this research were to study of rice straw management which height production of allellochemicals and which inhibited of the mungbean nodul establishment. Randomized block design is used in this research, which consist of six treatment of rice straw management were no tilage on the land fallow; no tillage straw as a mulch; no tillage with stubble allowed 10 cm; land preparation on the land fallow; land preparation incorporating with stubble 10 cm; and land preparation incorporating all rice resudues. Record were taken on allelochemicals compound in soil, establishment of mungbean nodules component, and nitrogenase activity nodule. Result of this research showed that the treatment of land preparation incorporating rice stubble lead to the highest of allelochemicals production (165,62 mg kg-1 tanah), due to allelochemicals compound affected on the nodul establishment of mungbean.
Keywords: Allelochemicals, Rice straw management, Mungbean
PEMENCARAN PARASITOID Telenomus remus (NIXON) (HYMENOPTERA : SCELIONIDAE) DI DUA TIPE AGROEKOSISTEM
Agus W. Anggara & Damayanti Buchori
Abstract
The released parasitoid as biological control agent should disperse from the released point and occupy on the target controlling area. There was limited information on mobility and dispersal ability of parasitoid. Field experiment was conducted to study the dispersal ability of parasitoid Telenomus remus on simple (monoculture) and complex (polyculture) agroecosystem. The monoculture soybean was set as the simple agroecosystem. The complex agroecosystem was strip-cropping system of soybean and chili, and completed with flowering plants on the outer field-margin. Both landscapes were treated by releasing adult parasitoids using spot release method. Control site was monoculture soybean without parasitoid released. The results showed T. remus had the same dispersal pattern on both agroecosystem. In the first 3 hours, the parasitoids dispersed near the release point and spread evenly on the target control area after 36 hours. The result indicated that the released T. remus had a good dispersal ability and high searching capacity in the field. The parasitism level on the complex agroecosystem (71.6%) was higher than in simple agroecosystem (67.7%). It indicated that habitat manipulation on complex agroecosystem provides more suitable environment for parasitoid.
Keywords: Dispersal, Parasitoid, Parasitism, Agroecosystem, Telenomus remus.
ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI SENYAWA AKTIF ANTIOKSIDAN
DARI EKSTRAK AIR DAUN BENALU (Dendrophthoe pentandra L. Miq.)
YANG TUMBUH PADA CEMARA (Casuarina sp.)
Akhmad Darmawan & Nina Artanti
Abstract
Indonesia is one of the mega biodiversity countries, but only a few of the resources had been explored and used. Mistletoe is an example of natural resource that unexplored maximally. The objectives of this research were to isolate antioxidant active compound from the water extracts of Dendrophthoe pentandra L. Miq. using gravitation column chromatography method and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method for antioxidant activity. Quercetin 3-rhamnoside (isolate), a flavonoid group with high antioxidant activity (IC50 9.4 ppm) has been isolated. Identification of the compound was based on spectra of ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, FTIR, LC-MS and compared with the database and literature. Quercetin 3-rhamnoside could be used as one of the natural antioxidant resources for the treatment of degenerative diseases, but further research such as toxicity test and clinical trials are still needed.
Keywords: Quercetin 3-rhamnoside, Mistletoes, Dendrophthoe pentandra, Antioxidants, DPPH.
PEMANTAUAN STATUS POPULASI PESUT (Orcaella brevirostris)
DI SUNGAI PELLA (DAS MAHAKAM), KALIMANTAN TIMUR
Dian Oktaviani, Aisyah, & Dharmadi
Abstract
The population of Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) was reported to decrease in population size, which is considered to be critically endangered. The Pella River system connects the Lake Semayang and River Mahakam, which is known as one of the Irrawaddy dolphin habitat for their activities, e.g: catching fish and playing. Therefore a regular monitoring system is needed to control the dynamic of the population. The research was conducted on September 2004 and October 2005. Methods being used were purposive and direct count technique. The geographical observation location were 116O33’03.0"E 00O14’09.9" S - 116O33’552" E 00O14’25.2" S. The result of direct count through video camera indicated there was 8 individual, and through visual contact were 10 – 12 indivuals. This study shows that the population of Irrawady dolphin in River Pella was similar as from 1999 and 2002 surveys.
Keywords: Pesut, Orcaella brevirostris, Population, Pella River, East Kalimantan
PERBANDINGAN MODEL PERILAKU
PENCARIAN PERTOLONGAN KESEHATAN SUSPEK TUBERKULOSIS DI JAWA DAN LUAR JAWA
Ekowati Retnaningsih
Abstract
Indonesia is one of the countries that gives the biggest contribution of TB in the world. Until 2004, the Case Detection Rate (CDR) in Indonesia was low (51,8%). Many of TB suspects do not come and use the health facilities, so the free health facilities program provided by the government become useless. Presently, the TB Care program has been done by the same program at all province in Indonesia, although the characteristic of the community is different. Thes objective research of this to determine the different model of health seeking behavior of TB suspects at Java and outside Java. The research design used was cross sectional. The samples were 806 TB suspects in seven research location province. The result of the research showed that:1) there is a significant differences of utilisation in health services for TB suspects in Java and outside Java, and 2) the model of health seeking behavior of TB suspects in Java was influenced by the age of TB suspect, income per capita, suggestions, the distance and transport cost perception to the health facilities, but in outside Java was influenced by the quantity of the member of the family, suggestions, health cost perception, distance and transport cost perception to health facilities. It can be concluded that: 1) TB suspects in Java come and use the health facilities more often than TB suspects in outside Java, and 2) there are determinant differences that influence the model of health seeking behavior of TB suspects in Java and outside Java. It means that the TB care program must be designed by considering the characteristic and the local social culture. We can not make a single national program of TB care. At least there are differences programs between Java and outside Java. Further research is needed to develop the model of community based TB care that local specific.
Keywords: Health Seeking Behaviour, Tuberculosis, Utilizations, Java
KULTIVASI BAKTERI ASAM LAKTAT DALAM MEDIA FERMENTASI CAMPURAN SARI BUAH MENGKUDU (Morinda citrifolia) DAN SUSU KEDELAI
Ema Damayanti & Lanjar Sumarno
Abstract
Lactobacillus casei subsp. Tolerans is a lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from badeg pace that has a potential as probiotics. To achieved a high productivity in a fermentation, it’s needs to be optimized in a suitable fermentation medium. The fermentation used mixture medium of noni juice and soymilk in different volume ratio. The aim of this research was to obtain the best volume ratio of noni juice and soymilk for the growth of this bacteria. Research method was experimental design with 5 treatments i.e. M0K10 (0% noni juice:100% soymilk) as control, M1K9 (10%:90%), M2K8 (20%:80%), M3K7 (30%:70%), M4K6 (40%:60%) and M5K5 (50%:50%). The observed parameters were total cells, lactic acid concentration, pH, reducing sugar concentration and nitrogen content from during 48 hours cultivation at 370 C. The data were analyzed in terms of growth kinetics of the bacteria, including the spesific growth rates (m), biomass yields (Yx/s) and product yields (Yp/s). The results showed that the maximum of L. casei subsp. Tolerans cells in M2K8 (12,627 log cfu/ml), the maximum of lactic acid concentration was obtained in M3K7 (0,66%) whereas the minimum of pH was achieved in M1K9 (3,54). The spesific growth rate (m) was maximum in M2K8 (m=1,110), Yx/s was maximum in M1K9 (Yx/s=2,451) and Yp/s was maximum in M4K6 (Yp/s=0,236). It was concluded that L. casei subsp. Tolerans showed the different growth kinetics in all fermentation medium and the best medium was M2K8.
Keywords: Lactobacillus casei subsp. Tolerans, Probiotics, Noni Juice, Soymilk, Fermentation
MANAJEMEN PEMANGKASAN LEGUMINOSA POHON SEBAGAI HIJAUAN PAKAN DAN RETENSI DAUNNYA DI MUSIM KEMARAU DI PULAU TIMOR
Esnawan Budisantoso
Abstract
A study on the effect of multipurpose tree legumes canopy cutting regimes as livestock forages and its leaf retention during the dry season has been carried out in Timor Island from December 2001 to October 2002. A factorial design of 3 x 4 x 3 (3 species, 4 cutting regimes and 3 replicates) was used in this experiment. Three multipurpose tree legumes species – Leucaena leucocephala cv Tarramba, KX2 hybrid (F1 hybrid of L. pallida x L. leucocephala) and Gliricidia sepium were assessed and compared under four cutting time regimes in a replicated study. The cutting treatments were – (i) cutting in February (late wet-season), (ii) cutting in April (early dry-season), (iii) cutting in June (mid dry-season), and (iv) an uncut treatment. The results of the study showed that cutting in the early to mid-dry season (April and June) induced new shoot growth, reduce leaf senescence and provided green leaf during the peak of the dry-season (October). Water-use-efficiency of cumulative above-ground biomass was highest in association with the June cutting, due to higher biomass production. L. leucocephala and the KX2 hybrid both had higher WUE of total biomass than G. sepium. The results of this study indicate that cutting management strategies can significantly affect biomass production, leaf retention, water use and water-use-efficiency of tree legumes, with the magnitude of these effects varying with the species of tree legumes. Canopy cutting when soil moisture still available in the early to mid dry-season, can reduce plant water requirements for transpiration. The water saved is then used to induce new leaf growth which is then available for late dry-season livestock consumption.
Keywords: Mulitpurpose tree legumes, Cutting management, Leaf retention, L. leucocephala, KX2 hybrid, G. sepium.
KESESUAIAN WAKTU TANAM DAN VARIETAS
DALAM PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT TUNGRO
DI SULAWESI BARAT
Fausiah T. Ladja & R. Heru Praptana
Abstract
Research to study the suitability of planting time and resistant variety in rice tungro disease management was conducted in Polewali Mandar, West Sulawesi since June until October 2004. Split Plot Design was applied in this research. Main-plot were appropriate times of planting (one month before recommendation=W1, according to recommendation=W2 and one month after recommendation=W3) and sub-plot were varieties (Tukad Unda=V1, Tukad Balian=V2, Kalimas=V3 and Ciliwung=V4) with three replications. Each variety was planted per sub-plot (5x10 m large) with plant spacing 20x20 cm. Fertilizer were applied at dose of 250 kg/ha Urea, 100 kg/ha SP36, 100 kg/ha KCl and 50 kg/ha ZA. The field was maintained to be free from weeds and without pesticides application. Population densities of green leafhoppers (GLH) and tungro incidence were observed at 4, 6 and 8 weeks after transplanting (WAT). GLH population densities were sampled by using a sweep net and the tungro incidences were observed visually. The results showed that Kalimas was relatively resistant than the other varieties and the suitability of planting time in Polewali Mandar was W1 (last June).
Keywords: Suitability of planting time, Tungro resistant varieties, Green leafhopper population density, Tungro incidence
STUDI GENETIK SIFAT UKURAN BUAH TOMAT
HASIL PERSILANGAN LV 6123 X LV 5152
Helmi Kurniawan
Abstract
Study on genetic of fruit size characteristic of tomatoes gives information needed to determine breeding strategy that will be applied to breeding program of new tomatoes varieties. This research aimed to study the characteristic of fruit size of tomatoes geneticaly including testing of maternal effect, inheritance pattern, gene action, heritability, and genetic advance. Two tomatoes cultivars were use i.e. LV.6123 having large fruit size and LV.5152 having small fruit size. The two parents tomatoes were crossed to each other to get generations of F1, F1R, F2, BC11 and BC12. The generations were planted to study the inheritance pattern of the characteristics of interest. Results of the study indicated that there is no maternal effect in respect to characteristic of fruit size in which the two parents differed. Fruit size was genetic inherited quantitatively, controlled by four genes respectively. Both characteristics were influenced by additive effect, dominant effect and epistatic effect. Heritability estimate of the characteristic of fruit size was moderate, and the genetic advance was low.
Keywords: Tomatoes, Genetic study, Fruit size, Hibridization.
KELAINAN PERKEMBANGAN DAN KEMATIAN SEL PADA OTAK MENCIT (Mus musculus) AKIBAT INDUKSI 2 METHOXYETHANOL PADA MASA AWAL ORGANOGENESIS
Ana Setyastuti
Abstract
2-Methoxyethanol (2-ME) has been widely used in industry. This compound is known to have a toxic effect, causing some fetus abnormalities and increase free radicals in organisms. The objectives of this research are to observe the effects of 2-ME to cells death both nerve and blood cells in fetus brain and abnormal development in cerebrum of mice fetuses. The treatment mice were injected with 2-ME at dose 12.5 mmol/kg body weight on gestational day 10 (G10) intraperitoneally, while control mice were injected with aquadest. To observe the acute effects of 2-ME, mice were killed on G12, while on the observation of teratogenicity of 2-ME mice were killed on G18 and 0 day after birth. Fetuses brain were collected and fixated on paraformaldehyd (PFA) 4% then were observed histologically. The average percentage of cells dead which analyzed with Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test on á=0.05 showed that there was significantly different between treatment group and their control. The descriptive analysis about the effects of 2-ME on developmental of brain showed that on G18 this compound was caused dilatation of lateral ventricles. It is concluded that 2-ME injected on G10 caused the death of nerve cells and blood cells, ventricles lateral dilatation as indication of abnormal development in fetuses brain.
Keywords: Abnormal development, Cell death, Free radical, Mice, 2-Methoxyethanol.
KAJIAN KULTUR TEKNIK DALAM PENGENDALIAN HAMA LALAT KENTANG, Liriomyza huidobrensis (BLANCHARD)
(DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE)
Ida Bagus Gde Suryawan
Abstract
Liriomyza huidobrensis is one of the important pests of the potato crop in Indonesia. An assessment of cultural technique in management of potato leafminer, L. huidobrensis (Blanchard) in potato crop was studied during the cropping season 2004 in Bali, Indonesia. The results show that the larvae and adults of L. huidobrensis were lower in control (C) with reflective plastic mulch (RPM) (CM) and vermicompost (V) with RPM (VM). Numbers of parasitoids increased progressively at 4 weeks after planting (MST) in vermicompost (V) and VM treatments while in other treatments were at plateau after 9 MST. These results indicate that RPM was successfully reducing leafminer population but the effect on parasitoids was unclear. Combination of vermicompost and RPM (VM) showed the most satisfying results in suppressing population of potato leafminer, enhancing population of parasitoids, reducing plant damage, and producing higher yield.
Keywords: Kultur teknik, Lalat kentang, Liriomyza huidobrensis, Mulsa plastik perak, Pengendalian
KARAKTERISTIK MEDIA AIR YANG BERPENGARUH TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN HIDUP BAKTERI Flavobacterium psychrophilum
Ince Ayu Khairana Kadriah
Abstract
Flavobacterium psychrophilum is the causative agent of bacterial cold water disease (BCWD) and rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS) that make serious problems in salmonids hatcheries and ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) aquaculture all over the world. One of the alternative ways to solve this problem is to inhibit the growth of F. psychrophilum. The study was aimed to investigate characteristics of water media that can inhibit the growth of F. psychrophilum. Different concentrations of sea water were mixed in fish rearing water to prepare test waters for this experiment. Survival ability of F. psychrophilum was also examined in different sterilization processes of fish rearing water, canal water and sea water. This study showed that F. psychrophilum survived in the medium containing 0-35% of seawater suggesting that the bacterium has possible ability to infect fish trough fresh and brackish water. F. psychrophilum can not survive in fish rearing water containing e”50% of sea water. Natural water has been known to contain some of small microbes and substances that may acts as competitor or inactivator for F. psychrophilum.
Keywods: Flavobacterium psychrophilum, Fresh Water, Sea Water, Canal water
KARAKTERISTIK DAN ANALISIS FINANSIAL
USAHA TANI KELAPA (Cocos nucifera) DI SULAWESI UTARA
(Studi Kasus Petani Desa Pinili dan Klabat Kabupaten Minahasa Utara)
Joula Sondakh & Louise Matindas
Abstract
Coconut is still an important commodity to support local development in North Sulawesi. This condition is supported by the amount of farmers, plant area, and export contribution that is highly enough than other commodities. The aims of this research were 1) To know the farming system characteristics on coconut commodity, 2) To know the profitable level that was earned. Farmer as respondents were taken by stratified random sampling with 30 respondents at two villages, Pinili and Klabat Village, North Minahasa Sub-district. The method used was descriptive for farming system characteristics and the account of feasibility (Benefit/Cost (B/C) Ratio, Break Event Point (BEP) in production and cost, and Pay Back Period). The result showed that farming system of coconut in the two research location was still important farming system. The financial analysis was profitable, supported by the feasibility that was taken by net profit account, B/C ratio achieved 4,3, BEP in production and cost on the low point that was meaned that farming system was not lost, and also Pay Back Period only in 3.6 months for 12 months’ farming system.
Keywords: Coconut Farming System, Farming, Characteristics, Financial analysis.
PENGGUNAAN TUMBUHAN DALAM WILAYAH CAGAR ALAM GUNUNG TANGKUBAN PERAHU OLEH MASYARAKAT KAMPUNG PASIRMENYEN, SUBANG
Cahya Ningrum,, Undang A. Dasuki & Mumu Sutisna
Abstract
Tangkuban Perahu Natural Reserve is one of the natural conservation sites found in West Java, Indonesia, protected by the Indonesian government. It posseses unique ecological and geological conditions, as well as important to tourism. Kampong Pasirmenyan lies exactly on northern border of the conservation area. Research conducted in the area to describe the relationship between villagers and plants in the area of conservation. The usage of plant resources was observed through interviews, physical observations, and specimen collections. Research showed that the villagers used at least 167 plant species for building materials (40 species), fuel wood (20 species), food (23 species), traditional medication (65 species), cattle food (6 species), bird food (2 species), ornamental plant (4 species), traditional domestic good (5 species), scent (1 species), dye (1 species) and traditional ceremony (2 species).
Keywords: Mount Tangkuban Perahu Natural Reserve, Kampong Pasirmenyan, Ethnobotanical study
KUE SATU DARI TEPUNG TAPE MILLET: PENGARUH
PERIODE BLANCHING DAN PROPORSI GULA
TERHADAP KUALITAS PRODUK
Fauzy Rachman & Julia Tjahjaningsih
Abstract
Pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoideum Rich) is a plant that has a high tolerance to drought, low fertile soil and low soil pH. Up till now, millet is used for bird food. Food processing from millet in Indonesia is limitted. The making of kue satu of fermented millet powder was one alternative of diversification of millet processing that was expected to result a new product and increasing economical value of millet. The aims of this research were to observe the effect of blanching period and sugar proportion to product quality and to determine the treatment combination of blanching period and sugar proportion that produced kue satu with crumb texture, light colour, sweet, alcohol aroma that covered millet smell and preferable. Experimental design used in this experiment was Randomized Block Design with two treated factors. The first factor was blanching period that consisted of three levels: 1 minute, 2 minutes and 3 minutes. The second factor was sugar to fermented millet powder proportion that consisted of three levels: 40:60, 50:50 and 60:40% (w/w). The observed variables were moisture content, ash content, sugar reduction content, crude fiber content, starch content, taste, colour, sweetness, texture, millet smell and total sugar content of the best result of the treatment combination. It is concluded that the treatment combination of 1 minute blanching period and 50 percent sugar proportion (L1P2) resulted kue satu with the highest index value of effectiveness.
Keywords: Pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoideum Rich),Fermented millet powder, Kue satu
PARTISIPASI PETANI DALAM PENGELOLAAN
TANAMAN TERPADU PADA LAHAN SAWAH IRIGASI,
DI KABUPATEN ASAHAN
Khadijah EL Ramija
Abstract
This research aims to asses the participation level of peasants in integrated crop management (ICM) from the phase of planning, implementation, monitoring evaluation, and the making use of crops either in the form of ideas, energy, fund, time or in the form of decision making, to identify the factors influencing the participation level, and to know the correlation between the participation level with the productivity and the income of rice farming produced by peasants. This research uses cross-section data by interviewing 60 peasants who involve in the ICM activity. This research was conducted in two villages, namely, in Aras and Tanjung Kubah Villages, Air Putih Subdistrict, Asahan Regency. In order to know the peasants’ participation level, scoring through the total scores of participation with the range of scores 0-35 is done and then continued with a proportion parameter test. Identifying the factors that influence the peasants’ participation is estimated with multiple-linear-regression model by applying Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method and then developed to the path analysis. Furthermore, Product Moment Pearson was used in order to know the correlation between participation level with the productivity and the income of rice farming. The result of this research shows that on the whole the peasants’ participation level in ICM is categorized as a medium classification either in the level of planning, implementation, monitoring evaluation or in the level of crop usage. The factors influencing the peasants’ participation are: peasants’ perspectives and motivation, extent of land, income, and the intensity of extension and the roles of public figures. Based on the path analysis, the main factor clearly influencing the level of peasants’ participation in ICM is their perspective about ICM, and then followed by the second factor, namely, their motivation. The level of peasants’ participation positively correlates to the productivity and income of rice farming, which means that if the peasants’ participation increases, the productivity and the income of rice farming tend to increase.
Keywords: Peasants participation, Integrated Crop Management, Rice Farming, Irrigated Rice Field
TINGGINYA RASIO Ca/Mg TERHADAP RISIKO PENYAKIT BATU GINJAL DI KABUPATEN PAMEKASAN, MADURA
Nelson Sembiring
Abstract
Prevalensi of kidney stones disease in Regency Pamekasan, Madura known very high. This matter is suspected related with the height of ratio Ca/Mg to some food and beverage consumed by local society. Intention of this research is to measure the ratio Ca/Mg of some food and beverage consumed by society of Regency Pamekasan and see its relation by prevalensi kidney stones disease. Its result indicate that the ratio Ca/Mg vary from 2,2:1 up to 11,2:1, this number is very far the above fomentation from WHO which ideally is 2:1. There is positive correlation between height of ratio Ca/Mg at the height of kidney stones disease of society of Regency Pamekasan.
Keywords: Kidney stones, Rasio Ca/Mg, Kabupaten Pamekasan, Defisiensi magnesium
UMUR SIMPAN DAN PERUBAHAN KUALITAS
JERUK KEPROK SoE (Citrus reticulata Blanco) PADA UMUR PETIK DAN SUHU PENYIMPANAN YANG BERBEDA
Retno Pangestuti, Arry Supriyanto & Suhariyono
Abstract
Mandarin from SoE (Citrus reticulata. Blanco) is one of the best mandarin from Indonesia which has been choosen as one of mandarin to import substitution. The effect of fruits maturity level and storage’s temperature was conducted to determine shelf-life and quality changes of Mandarin from SoE. Fruit sample was collected from farmer garden in SoE, Timor Tengah Selatan, Nusa Tenggara Timur with 5 garden as replication. Fruits harvested at 28 – 35 weeks after flower bloom. Storage’s temperature used were 27 – 30 ÚC (room temperature) and 9 – 11 ÚC (cool temperature). Fruits maturity level influenced storages period where the younger fruits maturity levels, the longer shelf-life of the fruits. However, fruits harvested before 31 weeks after flower bloom did not have good taste and peel color. The optimum maturity fruits (31-32 weeks after flower bloom) could be stored in 3 weeks only at the room temperature. The cool temperature could prolong the shelf-life until 8 weeks and inhibit reduction on weight of fruits until 1- 3 times compared to those stored in room temperature. There was a tendency that cool temperature could change the acid and total soluble solid much lower than in room temperature. Vitamin C content tended to decrease during storage and storage at cool temperature could not inhibit it.
Keywords: Mandarin from SoE, Shelf-life, Quality, Fruit maturity level, Storage temperature
PROTEKSI ANTIGEN Salmonella enteritidis PHAGE TIPE 4 TERHADAP UJI TANTANG GALUR HOMOLOG PADA AYAM
Tati Ariyanti & Supar
Abstract
Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 (SEPT4) causes a bacterial pathogen disease attaching animals and human. The ideal method to control the bacterial infections is through vaccination, because there is no residual in the poultry products. The objective of this study was to develop an inactive antigen SEPT4 and to know the protection strength in experimental layer to homologous challenged. The antigens were prepared from local isolate SEPT4. Bacterial cell being inactive formalin and prepared to adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide gel at final concentration of 1,5%. The suspension of antigen was injected to subcutaneous with dosage 0,5 ml to 14 week layer for about 15 animals and booster injection within 4 weeks interval (group I). Control group consists of 15 animals and not injected with antigen (group II). Both groups divided into 3 subgroup, each subgroup consists of 5 animals (IA, IB, IC, IIA, IIB and IIC). Subgroup IA and IIA not following challenged test. Subgroup IB and IIB following challenge test, 2 weeks after booster and subgroup IC and IIC following challenge test, 12 weeks after booster. Bacteria for challenge test are life bacteria which is have oral injection with homologous serotype dosege 1 ml and contains of 107 bacteria cell/ ml. The evaluation of inactive protection antigen SEPT 4 was conducted by following the observation of re isolation bacterial challenge test result as a secretion in faces, egg sample and bacterial ingredients in organ sample (liver, scum and ovary) for six weeks periods after challenge test. For all sample injection SEPT 4 bacterial not found control layer. Challenge test bacterial can be re isolated from fecal swab, egg, liver, scum and ovary sample. From these result, we could conclude that application of dosage inactive antigen SEPT 4 local isolated in layer can help for giving an effective protection to challenge test bacterial with homologus strain.
Keywords: Salmonella enteritidis, Inactive antigen, Layer, Phage type 4
BIODEGRADATION OF LIGNIN IN RICE STRAW
PRETREATED BY WHITE-ROT FUNGI
Riksfardini Annisa Ermawar, Dede Heri Yuli Yanto, Fitria & Euis Hermiati
Abstrak
Jerami padi merupakan biomassa yang ketersediaannya paling melimpah di Indonesia dan sangat berpotensi untuk diolah menjadi beragam produk bernilai tambah. Namun, penelitian tentang biomassa yang dilakukan akhir-akhir ini kebanyakan terfokus pada pembuatan produk bernilai tinggi, seperti etanol dan pulp juga kertas. Dalam pembuatan produk-produk ini, kandungan lignin pada biomassa harus dihilangkan terlebih dahulu sehingga komponen selulosa dan hemiselulosanya dapat dihidrolisis lebih lanjut baik secara kimiawi maupun enzimatis. Untuk mencapai tujuan ini, biomassa harus diberi perlakuan pendahuluan agar kandungan lignin dapat hilang sebanyak mungkin. Salah satu metode perlakuan pendahuluan yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan menggunakan jamur pelapuk putih. Jamur ini merupakan jamur basidiomycetes yang terbukti paling efektif dan terlibat langsung dalam perombakan lignin. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari pengaruh jamur pelapuk putih dan masa inkubasi pada tahap perlakuan pendahuluan dalam proses biodegradasi lignin pada jerami padi. Jerami padi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berasal dari jenis padi tipe IR. Jerami padi diberi perlakuan uap panas terlebih dahulu sebelum diinokulasi dengan Pleurotus ostreatus, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, Coriolus versicolor, Pycnoporus sanguineus, dan Schizophyllum commune. Tahap kultivasi dipertahankan dalam kondisi suhu 27°C selama 8 minggu. Contoh uji diambil pada masa inkubasi 2, 4, 6, dan 8 minggu. Kandungan lignin dan holoselulosa pada tiap contoh diuji dengan metode Wise. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kelima jamur ini dapat digunakan dalam proses biodegradasi lignin jerami padi. Namun untuk tujuan tertentu, seperti pembuatan etanol atau produksi kertas, C. versicolor adalah spesies yang terbaik di antara kelima jamur yang diujikan, dengan waktu inkubasi optimum selama 4 minggu.
Keywords: Biomassa, Jerami padi, Jamur pelapuk putih, Perlakuan pendahuluan, Lignin
KERAGAAN HASIL 24 JAGUNG BERSARI BEBAS PADA LAHAN MASAM PASANG SURUT DI KABUPATEN KAPUAS,
KALIMANTAN TENGAH
Sri Sunarti, Nuning Argo Subekti & Marsum M Dahlan
Abstract
The increasing of corn production in order to supply the corn demand can be achieved by extensification to marginal lands, including acid soil. The aim of the research was to evaluate open pollinated populations and identify high yielding population at the acid soil area of Kapuas, Central Kalimantan. The research was conducted at swampy area of Balai Benih Induk Lamunti, Kapuas from January to May 2006 with research materials of 23 open pollinated populations and Sukmaraga as control. The research was arranged in complete block design with 2 replications. Each entry was planted in 2 rows 5 m long with planting distance 25 cm x 75 cm. Variables being observed were yield and yield components. The results showed that the populations yield ranged from 0,09 t/ha to 3,07 t/ha. BK(HS)C1 population resulted the highest yield among other populations evaluated, followed by MS5(S1)C1 with each percentage were 28,04% and 8,13% higher than Sukmaraga. There were 5 populations which had prospective in developing acid soil tolerant, BK(HS)C1, MS5(S1)C1, BK(S1)C1, MSJ1(RRS)C6 and AMATL(S1)C3.
Keywords: Maize, Open pollinated, Acid soil, Kapuas
PENGARUH UKURAN DIAMETER SUMBER BAHAN STEK
Hopea odorata Roxb. ASAL KEBUN PANGKAS TERHADAP
KEMAMPUAN MENGHASILKAN BIBIT
Asep Hidayat
Abstract
This research was conducted to know the feasibility of Hopea odorata hedge orchard in producing productive and qualified cuttings with the parameters of numbers of cuttings produced, shooting ability, rooting ability, and survival rate at acclimatization stage. Cutting source was divided by class diameter and each class diameter was analyzed to know which one can produce the most productive and qualified cuttings. Research showed that class diameter of cutting source significantly influenced shoot formation, shoot length and number of cutting materials produced. The number of cuttings materials each class diameter could reach 1 – 5 for ortothrophic and 2 – 15 for plagiothrophic. The highest shooting ability was resulted from cutting source on class diameter of IV (0.78 – 0.94) cm and V (0.95 – 1.11) cm as much 63.42% and 60.26%. Rooting ability and survival rate at acclimatization stage could reach up to 90% for all class diameter of cutting source.
Keywords: Hopea odorata, Hedge orchard, Cutting, Rooting ability, Survival rate
DAMPAK PERBEDAAN ALOKASI SUMBER DAYA AIR TERHADAP EFISIENSI TEKNIS USAHA TANI PADI SAWAH DI DPS BRANTAS
Wahida, Sumaryanto, & M. Siregar
Abstract
In the last decade, the growth of land, production and productivity of paddy were decreasing. With these reason, it is important to find out the estimation of technical efficiency ratio in farmer level. The result will give an information about the appropriate policy design for paddy’s farmer in wetland area. For many years, East Java was known as a major production area for paddy in Indonesia, most of the wetland area in these province was irrigated from Brantas River Bassin water resources. For this reason, farmers in Brantas River Bassin are suitable in describing the performance of technical efficiency in farm level. The differences of water resource allocation among tertiary block in up stream, middle and down stream area in BRB will influence the estimation of technical efficiency ratio among farmers. All variables which is related with water resources and availability had a significant impact to technical efficiency ratio especially in dry season, those kind of variables play a significant role in reducing the probability of inefficiency during production process. The result of this study shows us that land area, N – fertilizer, water withdrawal in dry season, labor, seed, K – fertilizer and frequency of cultivation has positive impact to production. In contrast, the accessibility of quarter canal, total cost and income from agriculture have been reducing the probability of inefficiency incidence during the process. The computation process shows us that technical efficiency ratio is quite close to frontier, the implication of this result is a room for increasing productivity through production side is over limit. The government should move into next step such as post harvesting side, as a promising growth to increasing the productivity.
Keywords: tertiary block, paddy, technical efficiency, Brantas River Bassin
KAPASITAS INFILTRASI TANAH PADA BERBAGAI KELAS UMUR PINUS (Pinus merkusii Jungh et de Vries)
Dona Octavia & Agung B. Supangat
Abstract
Forest functions as regulator of hydrological system balance and effective erosion controller. The change of this hydrologic function can be perceived through infiltration parameter. Soil infiltration capacity is affected by age of stands which influence soil texture by root activity of plant. This research aimed to investigate soil infiltration capacities at various age classes of pine (Pinus merkusii) forest land. Observation was conducted in pine production forest at various age classes and area with less pine, located in North Gombong Forest Sub District, Kebumen. Stipulating of Location based on age classes of pine was done by interviewing local stakeholder of Perhutani and the field survey strengthened with topography map. Instruments of Double Ring-Infiltrometer were used to measure the infiltration rate in each location. The results showed that the infiltration rate increased along with the increase of the pine ages. The highest early infiltration rate and constant infiltration rate found at pine forest land of age class VII (old stands). They were 210 and 54 cm/h respectively with infiltration capacity was 182,84 cm/h. The lowest early infiltration rate and constant infiltration rate found at pine forest land of age class I (young stands), at 24 and 6 cm/h respectively with infiltration capacity was 23,29 cm/h.
Keywords: Infiltration, Pinus merkusii, Age classes
EVALUASI KESEHATAN TANAMAN ASAL SUMBER BENIH Acacia Mangium UMUR 4 TAHUN DI HUTAN PENELITIAN BENAKAT SUMATERA SELATAN
Agus Kurniawan
Abstract
Protection of stands is an importance aspect to be looked after in order to guarantee the return of invesment in forest plantation development. Objective of this research was to evaluate the type and damage intensity of plantation at eight origin seed sources of Acacia mangium 4 years old on the score of pest and disease. The research design used by Randomized Compleite Block Design using four blocks and eight treatments of origin seed sources of A. mangium from six seed orchad ( improved seed) and two seed sources from seed stand (unimproved seed). The results indicate that A. mangium as exotic tree species was damage by pest and diseases with damage intensity 54.21%. The death intensity by pest (3.33%) and diseases (8.79%) was relatively lower. The biggest damage was the dieing sprout with damage intensity 30.16% and followed by broken bars ( 25.90%). The seed sources from South Sumatera origin provenans Pascoe River and Wonogiri seed orchads provenans from Papua Nuginea (PNG) and Queensland (Qld) experienced the highest death on the score of pest 5.92% and the least the seed source from South Kalimantan seed orhad provenans Gubam, PNG and Riam Kiwa seed stand (0.74%). Origin seed from Subanjeriji seed stand suffered the highest death on the score of disease 23.68% and least experienced of the South Sumatera seed orchad, provenans Pascoe River Qld (0.74%).
Keywords: Acacia mangium, Pest, plant disease, Seed sources
PENGARUH INOKULASI CENDAWAN MIKORIZA ARBUSKULAR (CMA) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN SEMAI PULAI DARAT (ALSTONIA ANGUSTILOBA MIQ.)
Malyana Ulfa & Efendi Agus Waluyo
Abstract
This research was aimed to investigate the influence of vessicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) inoculation on the growth of pulai darat (Alstonia angustiloba Miq.) seedlings. This research was conducted in the nursery of Plantation Forest Research and Development Institute, Palembang from August to November 2005. The experiment used Randomized Block design with five levels of treatments and each treatment had 3 replicates. The treatments were control (without inoculation), with Mycofer, Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus intraradices, and Glomus mosseae. An analysis of variance (Anova) and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) were applied to analyze the data. The results indicated that inoculated seedlings grew better than the control treatment (P<0.05). Histological analysis showed that VAM was associated with roots of Alstonia angustiloba Miq.
Keywords: VAM, Alstonia angustiloba Miq., Seedlings growth.
PENGARUH PENYIMPANAN, BAHAN PENGISI DAN PENYUNGKUPAN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN CABUTAN
Shorea Ovalis (Korth.) Bl.
Nanang Herdiana, Junaidah & Nasrun
Abstract
Shorea ovalis has economically important meranti in Indonesia. Due to the abundant numbers of wildlings on the forest plantation and the reason of difficulty in handling of the recalcitrant seeds, planting was carried-out by collecting wildings. To investigate the period of storage, usage of storage materials to imitate period and conditions of the transportation of wildlings from the forest to the planting areas, this study was conducted. The results showed that vigour of S. ovalis wildings decreased progressively along with longer period of wildings in the storage with degradation of plant survival. Early growth of wildings in the nursery required stable environment conditions (humidity and temperature), these condition was obtained by treatment of covering. Survival percentage of plant without covering treatment was 5.50%, while with covering reached 69.17%. The use of filler materials during storage was significant in maintaining of plant survival percentage after planted, the survival percentage difference of plant was 12%.
Keywords: Shorea ovalis, Storage periods, Filler materials, Covering periods.
DETEKSI GEMINIVIRUS PADA TANAMAN TOMAT
(Lycopersicon esculentum L.) MENGGUNAKAN TEKNIK
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Muh. Ninor Islam
Abstract
Tomato-infecting geminivirus is one of the most important constraint for the increase of tomato production and may cause yield loss up to 100%. For detecting the existance of the virus can be performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The objective of this research was to detect the tomato-infecting geminiviruses collected from some tomato production areas in Indonesia. PCR analysis was performed using a pair of universal primers i.e. PAL1v1978 and PAR1c715. Those primers ampliflied the geminivirus genome fragment with the size of PCR product of 1600 bp. The results showed that PCR analysis was successfully detected the tomato-infecting geminiviruses collected from those tomato production areas. This result implies that the geminivirus infected tomato plants in some those areas located in the different regions. Further research is needed to identify the genetic diversity and virulence level of tomato-infecting geminivirus from some tomato production areas in Indonesia.
Keywords: Tomat, Lycopersicon esculentum L., Geminivirus, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
EKSPLORASI GENUS Pandanus (FAMILI PANDANACEAE) DI
PULAU GAG KABUPATEN RAJA AMPAT
Sarah Yuliana & Krisma Lekitoo
Abstract
Diversity within taxa is considered as basic information to describe the biophysics condition of an area. The species’ and their distribution can show the ecological condition and evolution level. This research had been carried-out to know the diversity of Pandanus in Gag Island. Gag Island is an island located on the ecotone of Malesian and New Guinea phytogeographical area. By used the exploration method, the result showed four species of Pandanus, one of them is an introduction species. They are Pandanus polycephalus Lamk, P. dubius Spreng, P. tectorius Parkinson, and P. krauelianus K. Schum. Observed locations showed variation types of habitat according to physical characteristic, from coastal area, hill forest and mine-deposits area, on sea level to 180 ms.
Keywords: Plant identification, Pandanus, Pandanaeae, Plant introduction, Gag Island, Raja Ampat
PENINGKATAN PERTUMBUHAN PULAI RAWA (Alstonia pneumatophora) DENGAN INOKULASI MIKORISA JENIS LOKAL RAWA GAMBUT DAN STERILISASI MEDIA
Tri Wira Yuwati
Abstract
The peat swamp forest in Indonesia has the greatest biodiversity value and the deepest peat in the world, however some parts has already devastated due to forest fire, illegal logging and overdrainaged caused by wrong drainage techniques. Regarding the potential of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) utilization and the presence of natural mycorrhizal association with peat swamp forest species in the field, effort to rehabilitate a burnt peat swamp forest need to be established by using AMF for seedlings planted in the field. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of AMF inoculation on the growth performance of peat swamp forest species seedling Alstonia pneumatophora (Pulai rawa). Germinated seeds of pulai rawa were grown in sterilized peat medium after inoculated with two indigenous mycorrhiza Glomus clarum and Gigaspora decipiens, respectively. The height, diameter, total biomass and AMF infection rate were the parameters reported in this research. A correlation statistical analysis was performed for AMF infection rate with the plant height and diameter. The result showed that after 6 months, the interaction between inoculation and medium sterilization treatment gave significant effect on the height and diameter of pulai rawa compared with control (p=0,026; p=0,031, respectively). There was correlation between the AMF infection rate and the height (R2=0,98) and diameter (R2=0,64) of pulai rawa. Evaluation of one-year pulai rawa planted in the field showed no significant different for the interaction between both treatments on the height (p=0,307) and diameter (p=0,391). Evaluation of three-years pulai rawa planted in the field showed the interaction between both treatments did not effect the height (p=0,245) and diameter (p=0,433).
Keyword: mycorrhizae, peat swamp, Alstonia pneumatophora, inoculation, pulai rawa
PENGARUH PEMBERSIHAN GULMA DAN PENYEMPROTAN INSEKTISIDA TERHADAP SERANGAN HAMA PADA PULAI DARAT (Alstonia angustiloba)
(Studi kasus di PT. Xylo Indah Pratama- Kab. Musi Rawas, Sumatera Selatan)
Sri Utami, Asmaliyah & Etik Erna Wati H
Abstract
Clouges glauculalis and Cycnotrachelus sp. are important pest which attacked Pulai plants (Alstonia angustiloba) in the areal of PT. Xylo Indah Pratama, Musi Rawas, South Sumatra. At this time the attack of those pest was found in field and nursery. The objective of this research was to know the effects of spraying insecticide and weeds cleaning towards attacked of pest C. glauculalis dan Cycnotrachelus SP. Cleaning of weeds was done once every 2 months but spraying insecticide was done monthly starting from July until December 2005. The results showed that cleaning of weeds and spraying insecticide were not significant affected the attack of C. glauculalis but there was significant affect on the attack of Cycnotrachelus sp. In general, the intensity and the area of Cycnotrachelus SP. attack was bigger than C. glauculalis. The affecting factors need to be further studied.
Keywords: Plant diseases, Weeas, Pest control, Insecticiaes, Alstonia angustiloba, Clouges glauculalis, Alstonia scholaris, Cycnotrachelus
